A Confucian Constitutional Order by Qing Jiang Ryden Edmund Fan Ruiping Bell Daniel A

Author:Qing, Jiang, Ryden, Edmund, Fan, Ruiping, Bell, Daniel A.
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781400844845
Publisher: Princeton University Press

FROM TRANSCENDENT HEAVEN TO IMMANENT HEAVEN

In the history of Chinese thought, the notion of heaven has acquired a variety of meanings. A major transformation of this notion took place prior to Confucius and continued through the early stages of Confucianism. In this process, the notion of “heaven” was transformed from one that is primarily a transcendent and personal deity to one of that is in the triad “heaven-earth-humanity.” Jiang’s move to bring back the transcendent heaven is a backward move.

Feng Youlan gave five different meanings for the ancient notion of “heaven” (tian):

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